{"items":[{"id":"NVI-00008970","kind":"vulnerability","title":"Echo has Rate Limiter Bypass via Spoofed X-Forwarded-For Header in Default Configuration","revision":2,"unknowns":["Customer inventory, deployment, reachability and exploitation have not been inspected."],"lifecycle":"active","identifiers":["GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","CVE-2026-118653"],"plain_summary":"GitHub lists this reviewed advisory for github.com/labstack/echo/v5, github.com/labstack/echo/v4. Published version ranges and source prerequisites are shown below; this is not an inspection of a visitor’s application.","review_status":"source_listed","control_topics":[],"public_actions":[{"summary":"Identify the exact component and deployed version, examine the linked publisher’s conditions, and retain evidence of any mitigation.","source_ids":["sr-906d84b62010eee2c518dd0f62c5f0eb"],"action_type":"investigate","limitations":"Confirm current vendor support, compatibility and deployment evidence. This report has not tested a fix in your system.","current_supported_target":null}],"schema_version":"1.1.0","source_metrics":[{"kind":"CVSS","as_of":"2026-10-28T19:53:50.000Z","value":"5.3 medium","meaning":"GitHub source severity; exploitability and local consequence require separate evidence.","source_id":"sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"},{"kind":"EPSS","as_of":"2026-10-31T12:00:27.000Z","value":"0.415%","meaning":"FIRST EPSS model v2026.06.15; exploitation probability over 30 days, percentile 0.35846. Missing scores are unknown.","source_id":"sr-906d84b62010eee2c518dd0f62c5f0eb"}],"why_it_matters":"Published affected context helps an owner decide what evidence to gather. This report has not examined your application.","related_sources":[{"id":"sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","basis":"vendor_advisory","notes":"GitHub Advisory Database; CC-BY-4.0. Each advisory links its original attribution. Null normalizes fields.","title":"GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","publisher":"GitHub Advisory Database","observed_at":"2026-10-31T21:56:36.327Z"},{"id":"sr-906d84b62010eee2c518dd0f62c5f0eb","url":"https://www.first.org/epss/data.html","basis":"official_catalog","notes":"FIRST EPSS; probability of exploitation in the next 30 days, not local compromise. Dataset date/model retained; FIRST services terms apply.","title":"CVE-2026-118653","publisher":"FIRST EPSS","observed_at":"2026-10-31T22:06:15.375Z"}],"affected_context":[{"certainty":"source_listed","source_ids":["sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"],"technology":"github.com/labstack/echo/v5","known_exclusions":[],"conditions_summary":"## Summary\n\nWhen `echo.New()` is used without explicitly setting `Echo#IPExtractor`, the `RealIP()` method falls back to reading the client-supplied `X-Forwarded-For` (or `X-Real-IP`) header without any proxy-origin validation. The default `RateLimiter()` middleware derives its per-client identifier from `ctx.RealIP()`, so an attacker can rotate arbitrary values in the `X-Forwarded-For` header on each request to obtain a fresh rate-limit bucket and bypass IP-based throttling entirely.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n- `context.go` — `(*Context).RealIP()` (lines 186–208), legacy fallback branch (lines 190–200)\n- `middleware/rate_limiter.go` — `DefaultRateLimiterConfig.IdentifierExtractor` (lines 46–58); `RateLimiter()` (lines 71–76)\n- `echo.go` — `New()` (lines 326–343), `IPExtractor` left `nil` by default\n\n## Description\n\n### `RealIP()` unconditionally trusts `X-Forwarded-For` when `IPExtractor` is unset\n\n`Context.RealIP()` (`context.go:186-208`) first checks `c.echo.IPExtractor`. When this field is `nil` (the default for `echo.New()`), it falls through to legacy behavior and returns the **first IP** from the `X-Forwarded-For` header — the position an attacker has full control over:\n\n```go","public_affected_ranges":["< 5.1.0"]},{"certainty":"source_listed","source_ids":["sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"],"technology":"github.com/labstack/echo/v4","known_exclusions":[],"conditions_summary":"## Summary\n\nWhen `echo.New()` is used without explicitly setting `Echo#IPExtractor`, the `RealIP()` method falls back to reading the client-supplied `X-Forwarded-For` (or `X-Real-IP`) header without any proxy-origin validation. The default `RateLimiter()` middleware derives its per-client identifier from `ctx.RealIP()`, so an attacker can rotate arbitrary values in the `X-Forwarded-For` header on each request to obtain a fresh rate-limit bucket and bypass IP-based throttling entirely.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n- `context.go` — `(*Context).RealIP()` (lines 186–208), legacy fallback branch (lines 190–200)\n- `middleware/rate_limiter.go` — `DefaultRateLimiterConfig.IdentifierExtractor` (lines 46–58); `RateLimiter()` (lines 71–76)\n- `echo.go` — `New()` (lines 326–343), `IPExtractor` left `nil` by default\n\n## Description\n\n### `RealIP()` unconditionally trusts `X-Forwarded-For` when `IPExtractor` is unset\n\n`Context.RealIP()` (`context.go:186-208`) first checks `c.echo.IPExtractor`. When this field is `nil` (the default for `echo.New()`), it falls through to legacy behavior and returns the **first IP** from the `X-Forwarded-For` header — the position an attacker has full control over:\n\n```go","public_affected_ranges":[">= 4.0.0, <= 4.16.2"]}],"null_published_at":"2026-11-03T02:33:09.148Z","source_updated_at":"2026-10-28T19:53:50.000Z","source_disclosed_at":"2026-10-28T19:53:47.000Z","is_synthetic_fixture":false,"null_last_reviewed_at":null,"public_change_summary":"Dated EPSS estimate updated; this is not a new disclosure or proof of exploitation.","null_first_observed_at":"2026-10-31T21:56:36.327Z"},{"id":"NVI-00008970","kind":"vulnerability","title":"Echo has Rate Limiter Bypass via Spoofed X-Forwarded-For Header in Default Configuration","revision":1,"unknowns":["Customer inventory, deployment, reachability and exploitation have not been inspected."],"lifecycle":"active","identifiers":["GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","CVE-2026-118653"],"plain_summary":"GitHub lists this reviewed advisory for github.com/labstack/echo/v5, github.com/labstack/echo/v4. Published version ranges and source prerequisites are shown below; this is not an inspection of a visitor’s application.","review_status":"source_listed","control_topics":[],"public_actions":[{"summary":"Identify the exact component and deployed version, examine the linked publisher’s conditions, and retain evidence of any mitigation.","source_ids":["sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"],"action_type":"investigate","limitations":"Confirm current vendor support, compatibility and deployment evidence. This report has not tested a fix in your system.","current_supported_target":null}],"schema_version":"1.1.0","source_metrics":[{"kind":"CVSS","as_of":"2026-10-28T19:53:50.000Z","value":"5.3 medium","meaning":"GitHub source severity; exploitability and local consequence require separate evidence.","source_id":"sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"}],"why_it_matters":"Published affected context helps an owner decide what evidence to gather. This report has not examined your application.","related_sources":[{"id":"sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","basis":"vendor_advisory","notes":"GitHub Advisory Database; CC-BY-4.0. Each advisory links its original attribution. Null normalizes fields.","title":"GHSA-246p-cpwv-v3jq","publisher":"GitHub Advisory Database","observed_at":"2026-10-31T21:56:36.327Z"}],"affected_context":[{"certainty":"source_listed","source_ids":["sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"],"technology":"github.com/labstack/echo/v5","known_exclusions":[],"conditions_summary":"## Summary\n\nWhen `echo.New()` is used without explicitly setting `Echo#IPExtractor`, the `RealIP()` method falls back to reading the client-supplied `X-Forwarded-For` (or `X-Real-IP`) header without any proxy-origin validation. The default `RateLimiter()` middleware derives its per-client identifier from `ctx.RealIP()`, so an attacker can rotate arbitrary values in the `X-Forwarded-For` header on each request to obtain a fresh rate-limit bucket and bypass IP-based throttling entirely.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n- `context.go` — `(*Context).RealIP()` (lines 186–208), legacy fallback branch (lines 190–200)\n- `middleware/rate_limiter.go` — `DefaultRateLimiterConfig.IdentifierExtractor` (lines 46–58); `RateLimiter()` (lines 71–76)\n- `echo.go` — `New()` (lines 326–343), `IPExtractor` left `nil` by default\n\n## Description\n\n### `RealIP()` unconditionally trusts `X-Forwarded-For` when `IPExtractor` is unset\n\n`Context.RealIP()` (`context.go:186-208`) first checks `c.echo.IPExtractor`. When this field is `nil` (the default for `echo.New()`), it falls through to legacy behavior and returns the **first IP** from the `X-Forwarded-For` header — the position an attacker has full control over:\n\n```go","public_affected_ranges":["< 5.1.0"]},{"certainty":"source_listed","source_ids":["sr-519c62e532e53c2f80b40589ea263f5c"],"technology":"github.com/labstack/echo/v4","known_exclusions":[],"conditions_summary":"## Summary\n\nWhen `echo.New()` is used without explicitly setting `Echo#IPExtractor`, the `RealIP()` method falls back to reading the client-supplied `X-Forwarded-For` (or `X-Real-IP`) header without any proxy-origin validation. The default `RateLimiter()` middleware derives its per-client identifier from `ctx.RealIP()`, so an attacker can rotate arbitrary values in the `X-Forwarded-For` header on each request to obtain a fresh rate-limit bucket and bypass IP-based throttling entirely.\n\n## Affected Component\n\n- `context.go` — `(*Context).RealIP()` (lines 186–208), legacy fallback branch (lines 190–200)\n- `middleware/rate_limiter.go` — `DefaultRateLimiterConfig.IdentifierExtractor` (lines 46–58); `RateLimiter()` (lines 71–76)\n- `echo.go` — `New()` (lines 326–343), `IPExtractor` left `nil` by default\n\n## Description\n\n### `RealIP()` unconditionally trusts `X-Forwarded-For` when `IPExtractor` is unset\n\n`Context.RealIP()` (`context.go:186-208`) first checks `c.echo.IPExtractor`. When this field is `nil` (the default for `echo.New()`), it falls through to legacy behavior and returns the **first IP** from the `X-Forwarded-For` header — the position an attacker has full control over:\n\n```go","public_affected_ranges":[">= 4.0.0, <= 4.16.2"]}],"null_published_at":"2026-10-31T22:13:27.125Z","source_updated_at":"2026-10-28T19:53:50.000Z","source_disclosed_at":"2026-10-28T19:53:47.000Z","is_synthetic_fixture":false,"null_last_reviewed_at":null,"public_change_summary":"First indexed by Null; source disclosure date is shown separately.","null_first_observed_at":"2026-10-31T21:56:36.327Z"}],"next_cursor":null,"snapshot_revision":"42594"}